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What (who) is warfare$91117$ - definition
.jpg?width=200 "Austrian mountain troops on snowshoes")
![Eastern Front]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1981-149-34A, Russland, Herausziehen eines Autos.jpg?width=200 "Eastern Front]]")
![Arctic convoy]] to the Soviet Union in World War II](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HMS Sheffield frost.jpg?width=200 "Arctic convoy]] to the Soviet Union in World War II")
![A Swedish [[Bandvagn 206]] small unit support vehicle in Norwegian service being operated by US Marines](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hagglunds Bv206 25th US Marines 2.jpg?width=200 "A Swedish [[Bandvagn 206]] small unit support vehicle in Norwegian service being operated by US Marines")
.jpg?width=200 "Frostbitten hand with gangrene, suffered by a Japanese soldier in the Sino-Japanese War, winter of 1894–5")
![Merlin Mk3]] helicopter, operating in heavy snow at the [[Bardufoss Air Station]], Norway.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royal Navy Commando Helicopter Force (846NAS) Merlin Mk.3 at RNoAF Bardufoss, Norway (45158529).jpg?width=200 "Merlin Mk3]] helicopter, operating in heavy snow at the [[Bardufoss Air Station]], Norway.")
![Soviet gunner providing covering fire during the 1941 [[Battle of Moscow]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Soviet machinegunner opened covering fire.jpg?width=200 "Soviet gunner providing covering fire during the 1941 [[Battle of Moscow]]")
![Russian [[T-80]] [[main battle tank]] maneuvering in thawing conditions](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/T-80U (6).jpg?width=200 "Russian [[T-80]] [[main battle tank]] maneuvering in thawing conditions")
![Finnish [[ski troops]] during the 1939 [[Winter War]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The War in Finland, 1940 HU55566.jpg?width=200 "Finnish [[ski troops]] during the 1939 [[Winter War]]")
![The 1658 [[March Across the Belts]] in the [[Second Northern War]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tåget öfver Bält (Carl Andreas Dahlström).png?width=200 "The 1658 [[March Across the Belts]] in the [[Second Northern War]]")
 is submerged after surfacing through two feet of ice during ICEX-07, a U.S. Navy and Royal Navy exercise.jpg?width=200 "1}} of Arctic ice")
![Unit of the [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]] training with an [[81 mm mortar]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Unit of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force training with a 81 mm mortar.jpg?width=200 "Unit of the [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]] training with an [[81 mm mortar]]")
![''Akula''-class submarine]] of the [[Northern Fleet]] submarine base at [[Gadzhiyevo]] in the [[Murmansk Oblast]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/У причала Гаджиево.jpg?width=200 "''Akula''-class submarine]] of the [[Northern Fleet]] submarine base at [[Gadzhiyevo]] in the [[Murmansk Oblast]]")
![bivouac]] of Napoleon's army during retreat from Russia in 1812](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Night Bivouac of Great Army.jpg?width=200 "bivouac]] of Napoleon's army during retreat from Russia in 1812")
![Japanese troops during the 1895 [[Battle of Weihaiwei]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ogata Gekko General Major Odera Yasuzumi in the Battle of Weihaiwei.jpg?width=200 "Japanese troops during the 1895 [[Battle of Weihaiwei]]")
![Leopard 1A1 tanks]] participating in a 1982 NATO exercise.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2 norwegian Leopard tanks in the snow.jpg?width=200 "Leopard 1A1 tanks]] participating in a 1982 NATO exercise.")
![[[Humvee]]s with [[BGM-71 TOW]] anti-tank weapons systems in Norway during Operation Cold Winter '87.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Operation Cold Winter 1987 Norway DM-ST-87-10885.jpg?width=200 "[[Humvee]]s with [[BGM-71 TOW]] anti-tank weapons systems in Norway during Operation Cold Winter '87.")
![S-300V]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAMs) in 2012.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/202 Air Defence Brigade - missile loading -2.jpg?width=200 "S-300V]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAMs) in 2012.")
![[[Air assault]] by Japanese ski troops in winter camouflage](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CWCT ski troops preparing to rush out of their helicopter.jpg?width=200 "[[Air assault]] by Japanese ski troops in winter camouflage")
![Class III cabinet]]s at the [[U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories]], [[Camp Detrick]], [[Maryland]] (1940s).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/B-w-scientists.jpg?width=200 "Class III cabinet]]s at the [[U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories]], [[Camp Detrick]], [[Maryland]] (1940s).")
![The international [[biological hazard]] symbol](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Biohazard symbol.svg?width=200 "The international [[biological hazard]] symbol")
![The Biological Weapons Convention<ref>United Nations (1972). [https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BWC-text-English.pdf Biological Weapons Convention].
</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Biological Weapons Convention original document.png?width=200 "The Biological Weapons Convention<ref>United Nations (1972). [https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BWC-text-English.pdf Biological Weapons Convention].
</ref>")
![[[Shiro Ishii]], commander of [[Unit 731]], which performed human [[vivisection]]s and other biological experimentation](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shiro-ishii.jpg?width=200 "[[Shiro Ishii]], commander of [[Unit 731]], which performed human [[vivisection]]s and other biological experimentation")
![U.S. authorities granted [[Unit 731]] officials immunity from prosecution in return for access to their research.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Unit 731 victim.jpg?width=200 "U.S. authorities granted [[Unit 731]] officials immunity from prosecution in return for access to their research.")
Wikipedia
Cold-weather warfare, also known as arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions or cold, both on land and at sea. Cold-weather conditions occur year-round at high elevation or at high latitudes, and elsewhere materialise seasonally during the winter period. Mountain warfare often takes place in cold weather or on terrain that is affected by ice and snow, such as the Alps and the Himalayas. Historically, most such operations have been during winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Some have occurred above the Arctic Circle where snow, ice and cold may occur throughout the year. At times, cold or its aftermath—thaw—has been a decisive factor in the failure of a campaign, as with the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939, and the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.
